Saami word guossi is pronounced, you can ask a speaker to say it, and if you want to know if Ich habe gesagt das is grammatical in German, you can ask a speaker. The main difference between dead languages and living languages in this respect is that it's possible with a living language to resolve an empirical question by interrogating a speaker of the language, and this is not possible with a dead language. Is there any research that I could read about the subject? How do we go about reconstructing the grammar and syntax of a dead language (mainly, I'm wondering how this was specifically done for the languages in the Bible, but an answer for how this is generally done for any dead language, or a focus on only one of them will be fine as well)? How did we figure out how μι verbs worked in Ancient Greek, for example? Or, how did we figure that א and ע were once pronounced? Usually, people will explain to me how we can determine the certain meaning of a word, using the modern form of the language, and languages of the same language family, but this does not explain how we came to figure out the grammar and syntax of a language, when many of its parts have no modern analogue. I've tried looking into it, but I've never really been given a satisfactory answer. Namely, Greek (Koine), Hebrew, and Aramaic. I'm really interested in Biblical studies, so I've often wondered this about the languages in the Bible.

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